Constantine the Great established Christianity in Roman Empire by ensuring religious tolerance.
He lived 1055 to 1130 and founded law school at Bologna [1088]. He studied Justinian Code, Institutes, and Digest and taught Martinus, Bulgarus, Iacobus, and Hugo.
University of Bologna began [1088]. University of Padua began [1222]. Duke Ferdinando [1589 to 1626] ruled Mantua [1613 to 1626] and founded University of Mantua [1626].
Bulgarus, Martinus Gosia, Jacobus de Boragine or Iacobus, and Hugo de Porta Ravennate recreated Roman law and were pupils of Irnerius.
He was one of the Four Doctors, who recreated Roman law.
Students, who paid teachers directly and so controlled them, ran law schools. Students organized into groups {nation, student}, which fought each other and flouted civil law. Gradually, university authorities stated curricula and awarded degrees: bachelor, licentiate or masters, and doctorate.
He lived ? to 1166 and was one of the Four Doctors, at University of Bologna law school or School of the Gloss-writers, who recreated Roman law. He was at diet of Roncaglia [1158].
He lived 1100 to 1166 and was one of the Four Doctors, who recreated Roman law. Martinus led a school about equity of the purse {aequitas bursalis}.
He lived ? to 1194 and was one of the Four Doctors, who recreated Roman law.
He lived 1150 to 1230 and was Glossator.
Andrew II of Hungary proclaimed Golden Bull to check nobles.
He lived 1182 to 1260, was Azo's student, and was Glossator.
Glossators studied Justinian laws and taught law but typically did not relate law to contemporary life.
Alfonso III of Portugal convened Cortes of Leiria, first legislature to have commoners.
He lived 1221 to 1284 and was king of Castile and Leon [1252 to 1284].
Commentators combined Roman law, canon law, and Italian-city statutes. They theorized about conflict of laws. They applied Roman law to municipal, canon, feudal, customary, commercial, and criminal law cases.
He lived 1313 to 1357 and was Commentator. Laws of place in which action happened govern actions {territoriality, Bartolus de Saxoferrato}.
He lived 1327 to 1406, was of the Baldeschi, and was Commentator.
Law schools began historical law study.
Aix-en-Provence is in southeast France.
Judges heard rational arguments and evaluated evidence presented by trained advocates.
He lived 1530 to 1596 and belonged to Politiques. Family is basis of society. State is about material, not spiritual, things. State requires absolute sovereignty to prevent civil war.
French customary laws and canon law used Roman laws of contracts, property, wills, successions, domestic relations, and judicial procedures.
He lived 1699 to 1772 and combined Roman law, customary law, and natural law.
He lived 1738 to 1794. Punishment should fit crime's seriousness and should exact vengeance. Judiciary should be separate from legislature.
Constitution included Declaration of the Rights of Man. It blocked Mirabeau's plan to have constitutional monarchy, and king fled. After capture, he accepted constitution [1791].
Codes of Prussia depended on natural law.
He lived 1753 to 1824 and helped make Code Napoleon [1804] about private law.
Code Napoleon has Civil Code, Criminal Code, Civil Procedure, and Criminal Procedure and is basis of Continental law.
Codes of France depended on natural law.
Austrian law code depended on natural law.
Constitution modified kingdom.
Constitution modified kingdom.
Austria wrote constitution after revolt in Vienna. In October, Windischgratz ended revolt in Vienna.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225